Volumehaptics

General

Month: December 2018

Artwork

People Art & Indigenous Artwork

Artist unidentified, Uncle Sam Riding a Bicycle Whirligig, ca. 1880-1920, Paint on wooden with metal, Collection American Folk Artwork Museum, New York. In pictorial illustration, the difficulties of three-dimensional modeling, whereas readily solved by some teams, frequently resulted in a choice for define and flat shapes; for the better, profile view; and for the evolution of such types as the silhouette and the shadow image, made by outlining and filling within the shadow of a head cast onto the wall or paper.

Whereas most scholars agree that a people sort of art has occurred at some time in many parts of the world (and will but seem in newly growing nations), there are various areas in which such artwork has to date been ignored or has not been studied as a separate class.

Within the folk discipline, the minor arts can hardly be called minor, for such common requirements as pottery, textiles, costume, and furniture and extra unusual varieties reminiscent of weather vanes and scarecrows supplied probably the most frequent alternatives for artistic expression and often absorbed the aesthetic impetus that, within the sophisticated world, was related more with the nice arts.

There is a substantial share of intentionally ephemeral people artwork—the wedding bowl broken after the ceremony, paper objects burned at funerals, competition breads, carnival figures, graffiti, snowmen; temporary symbolic designs have been drawn on the threshold on feast days in India, for example, and have been shaped of flower petals for religious processions in Italy.

Our order: Sweet potato beignet: donuts tossed in cinnamon powder sugar and maple syrup People Southern Fried: fried hen and biscuits with eggs and sausage gravy Foul Play: fried hen and waffle with whiskey peach compote Holyyy sh. If I could have a bathtub filled with these candy potato beignets, y’all… I’d.

Online Art Gallery

Prehistoric Rock Art Websites In The Côa Valley And Siega Verde

We are a web-based artist community sharing ways to create and sell artwork. The normal artwork world could have spent centuries making an attempt to convince us there is a direct correlation between worth and style,” writes Maria Popova on , but now the Internet is shaking things up. In other words, you don’t have to be a Medici or a Microsoft co-founder to purchase a masterpiece.

A number of the rock-art website nominations to the World Heritage record will be proposed as cultural landscapes or as blended cultural and natural websites in order to emphasise this relationship between culture and nature that has not been affected unduly by financial or agricultural development.

Sensible problems have developed, nonetheless, and each State Social gathering is liable for submitting their nomination(s) when they are ready to do so. On the time of writing, the rock artwork of the uKhahlamba Drakensberg Park (South Africa) and of Tsodilo (Botswana) have been inscribed, and nominations by Malawi (Dedza-Chongoni), Tanzania (Kondoa- Irangi), Zimbabwe (the Matopos), Zambia (Kasama), and Namibia (Twyfelfontein) are in various levels of preparation.

Côa Valley and Siega Verde provide the perfect illustration of the iconographic themes and group of Paleolithic rock artwork, using the same modes of expression in caves and within the open air, thus contributing to a greater understanding of this artistic phenomenon.

THE CREATIVE SPIRIT that inspired the engravings and work on the rocks of Southern Africa dates back not less than 27,500 years and continued in some areas until the 20th century AD. The oldest date is the common calculated from fifteen radiocarbon dates on charcoal from an occupation layer in Apollo eleven cave in southern Namibia.

Oil Painting

Ii3rittles On HubPages

Artwork gallery oil work will be showcased over the Web. Go to the artist’s web site at – to find more about this gifted painter. This contains the Authentication Certificate, back picture of the painting, historical past, price, class, transport situation, measurement and medium of the art work. Fairly web site visually talking, easy to buy and the quality of service is really prime, consultants accessible and pro, I even obtained to visit the workshop… recommended!

Latest weeks have featured work starting from paintings by New York-based Larissa Lockshin to installations by Berlin duo Anetta Mona Chişa and Lucia Tkáčová. Johansen, who has three galleries, said that some gallery house owners are scared of the conflict between the in-individual and digital worlds, but he additionally believes that brick and mortar galleries are here to remain.

Artspace may (1) submit the opening bid on behalf of the vendor on the Reserve Value, (2) place single or successive bids on behalf of the seller in response to different bids which are under the Reserve Price. There isn’t any restrict to the number of photographs that an artist can submit.

Loughlin took his bitcoin curiosity further by making an attempt to bid for the seized Silk Street bitcoin that was auctioned by the US Marshals Service together with his piece Bitcoin Payday as an alternative of the expected US dollars. The works are all stretched on canvas and are ready to hang, and should you place an order, it’s going to be delivered the exact same day – one thing international websites cannot supply.

If you’re featured at an art show or gallery opening, you connect in-particular person with potential buyers. I discovered sculpture this yr because of Artistics, utterly by likelihood!!! The requirement of a whole entry package creates an opportunity for the artist to craft and or to shine their current artist statement and artist biography.

Paint

Indianapolis’ Best Contemporary Art Galleries

The QCC Art Gallery of the Metropolis University of New York. Instead, public entry to these materials is offered by a devoted print lecture room situated inside the museum. The photographs have been taken on location in a setting of the portrait topic’s everyday life, equivalent to their dwelling, faculty, or place of business.

They shared poignant stories of violence and loss, in addition to perseverance and hope; and their images and experiences produce a compelling human portrait of refugees in America. College students within the MCC Artwork Department symbolize a diverse inhabitants with various instructional objectives, but all sharing one widespread attribute – a ardour for artwork and design.

Thatcher studied at the Corcoran Faculty of Artwork and Design in Washington, DC, and has exhibited as throughout the mid-Atlantic and higher Midwestern United States. The treasuries of cathedrals and enormous churches, or elements of them, have been often set out for public show.

DrumCircle is an autonomous instrument composed of eight linked den-den drums mounted to LED spotlights to create a temporal and spatial community of machine-viewer interactions. This state-of-the artwork exhibition area was accomplished in the summertime of 2012 and its inaugural exhibition, Spontaneous Memorial: A Commemorative Set up by Frank McEntire , honored the victims of Sep 11.

Participating in an art truthful nowadays can value a gallery a whole bunch of thousands of dollars. Portray on Clay Exhibit Set to Open at Suzanne H. Arnold Art Gallery. USA, NY, New York City: Museums Council of New York Metropolis. Our highly qualified instructors encourage our students to reach their greatest creative potential and sharpen their creative talent set.

African Art

How To Apply For Electrical Supervisory Licence In Maharashtra, India?

The College of Nice Arts (CFA) was the primary comprehensive arts training establishment founded within the country. Homeschooling: Homeschool candidates must provide the equal of a highschool transcript with course or topic titles, period of research for each title, content of examine for every title, and an evaluation of efficiency or grade.” Ideally, the programs accomplished at house are a part of a curriculum developed and evaluated by a nationally acknowledged diploma-granting group or agency.

Brown, Rodney Brief Sermon, Sr. First Assembly of God Delphos, OH. Flagler College gives a Wonderful Arts college dedicated to the creative development of each particular person student. Samuel M.V. Hamilton Building and Historic Landmark Constructing with Paint Torch by Claes Oldenburg.

Ron Howard’s movie will explore how John Lennon, Paul McCartney, George Harrison and Ringo Starr came together to grow to be this extraordinary phenomenon, The Beatles.” It’ll delve into their internal workings – how they made decisions, created their music and constructed their collective career collectively – all the whereas, highlighting The Beatles’ extraordinary and distinctive musical presents and their remarkable, complementary personalities.

Burden, Jared Short Sermon, Sr. Tri County Assembly of God Fairfield, OH. The Tremendous Arts Residences close to UC Berkeley’s Campus stands out from the remaining, and for extra reasons than its eye-catching blue exterior. Miller, Ayanna Human Video Solo First Meeting of God Mansfield, OH.

Metzger, Gabriel Kappa Tau – Graphic Design Crossroads Assembly of God Church Creston, OH. Please tell us about your Nice Arts Theatre Place experience. The Alden Director’s Suite in Edgar Hall houses the Fine Arts Department workplace. I’ve added this to my related pages module and I additionally may hyperlink to it within the body of my lens, I am thinking of performing some extra updates.

Art For Sale

International Development Professionals Network

The Museum’s African assortment originated with items from the Hanes household beginning within the Seventies, primarily historic material from the 19th and 20th centuries, including important gadgets from the Benin Kingdom such as the Altar to the Hand Later acquisitions expanded regional protection to incorporate other parts of sub-Saharan Africa with an eye fixed toward assembling works that demonstrated a selected cultural style, comparable to these of the Chokwe and Luba peoples of central Africa. Dogon sculptures serve as a physical medium in initiations and as an explanation of the world. Dogon masks evoke the form of animals related to their mythology, but their significance is only understood by the highest ranking cult members whose function is to clarify the that means of every masks to a captivated audience.

The star of the sale was the Ghanaian artist El Anatsui’s sculpture constituted of discarded aluminum bottle caps and copper wire that went for about $950,000. An analogous distinction is found of their Okorosia masks, which correspond to the Mmo of the Northern Igbo.

James M. Osborn, and in 2004 with the gift of the collection of practically 600 African objects from Charles B. Benenson, B.A. 1933. African art, the visual arts of native Africa, particularly sub-Saharan Africa, together with such media as sculpture, portray, pottery, rock art , textiles, masks, personal decoration, and jewelry.

However, he is increasingly identified for earlier wooden works, incorporating elements of Igbo artwork and different African symbols and scripts. One nicely-known Luba substyle has been called the long-face fashion” of Buli It contrasts strongly with the roundness of other Luba figures.

Among the Igbo of eastern Nigeria, for instance, one of many highest creative expressions in a neighborhood was the mbari house, an open constructing adorned with abstract murals and filled with sculptures of gods and mortals. Through the colonial era, bands of looters — missionaries, students, safety forces and fortune hunters — fanned out across the continent and, by power or guile, carted away huge portions of Africa’s inventive heritage.

Art Sites

Amazon.com

Everything you want to know about owning or renting a house, together with knowledgeable recommendation on painting your front room, renovating a historic dwelling, getting mortgage, and a lot extra. From (you guessed it) botanical leaf prints to authentic pieces, every work has the glow of the completely satisfied fashionable residence. Most sellers feel like even if they’re not selling on Instagram, they have to take care of a presence there and be posting about the fairs and openings they will, just to stay relevant,” says Moellering.

This is of giant importance when shopping for paintings for sale on-line. When a customer comes across your page, make them really feel like they’re walking right into a physical artwork gallery, the place issues are on the market. We’re based in Australia and have over 70+ artists on our website with 600 authentic artwork.

Hyperlinks on your collection web page refer visitors to your individual art website to close the sale. ArtAndBohemia (Referral Web site) – This web site that helps artists sell on-line, by displaying authentic artwork, and acts as a contact point between consumers and sellers.

No charges are involved, however you should buy promoting. There are actually 1000’s of stores that use Amazon as their essential source of sales. Estimated payment quantity excludes taxes and delivery fees. You receive the distinction between their base worth and your promoting price.

Artinvesta (Australian web site; Online Gallery) – This site promotes itself as selling authentic art on-line on a global scale. ArtHit – (Online Gallery) This web site sells paintings, and ships globally. This website has no listing charges or commissions, and only a $5.00 month-to-month charge.

Buy Art Online

How To Sell Your Art And Make Money From Painting! Skilled Secrets and techniques Revealed

Specializing in Work, Prints, & Art by Thomas Kinkade. While Bob has created different types of artwork utilizing completely different mediums all through his long and profitable artwork profession culminating in his lengthy employment as head of the Art Division at Lamar College in Beaumont, the type of nearly all of his work is most recognizable as being a distinctive Robert Rogan creation.

Offering high quality prints makes our artists’ works accessible to a wider audience, and your choice to buy contemporary art prints from Saatchi Artwork will help and promote the work of among the most proficient emerging artists from around the world.

As many of the crowdfunding campaigners, I am a first-timer on this subject, subsequently slight slips and hiccups may happen in meeting deadlines concerning delivery – despite my greatest intentions – however I will be certain all orders will make their approach to their intended destinations.

This stock works best for conventional printmaking, drawings, digital artwork and watercolor work. You would test with William Reeves Wonderful Artwork Gallery…the hyperlink is above…to see what the pricing is on that or perhaps different Dr. Robert Rogan lithographs that they could have of their possession.

The most common cause for a signature looking squashed in a nook if forgetting to allow for the mat earlier than you sign – and I’ve dedicated this mistake more than once which is why it’s top of the list! Serving as an instructor, Dr. Rogan turned a mentor to a lot of his students who thought the world of this heat and mild man.

Art For Sale

Modern Summary Panorama Painting Shared Roots” By Intuitive Artist Joan Fullerton

These days I’ve found myself drawn to abstract art, as it seems like such a boundless territory. Both geometric abstraction and lyrical abstraction are sometimes totally summary. Loved procuring at Will unfold the word and definitely would shop again quickly. Anand, as at all times was nice in helping coordinate the painting and obtained it to us well in time.

Over acrylics I’ve used Sharpies and a Uni posca pen in white. Robert Delaunay, 1912, Windows Open Concurrently (First Part, Third Motif), oil on canvas, 45.7 x 37.5 cm, Tate Modern. I am scared my painting would look like grade 3 student slapped some paint on a canvas and referred to as it art.

Parallel to the geometrical and intellectual approaches to summary artwork, there has been an equally vital motion by which the irrational and subjective temper of the artist has a better significance. This timeline is where you’ll spend most of your time, getting on the spot updates about what issues to you.

Analytic cubism was collectively developed by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque , from about 1908 by way of 1912. In addition, Dean’s first profitable guide, Artwork from Intuition, (Watson-Guptill 2008), is at present in its seventh printing. Fizdi took a personal curiosity in delivering the shipment to UP, inspite of the latest issues with the state laws.

New York City grew to become the middle, and artists worldwide gravitated in direction of it; from different places in America as nicely. After making marks and playing around with colour I begin seeing issues on the canvas, which I make extra visible”. Figurative art and whole abstraction are nearly mutually unique However figurative and representational (or realistic ) art often incorporates partial abstraction.

Paintings For Sale

Art From The African American South

South African Race-Culture & Sports: Dismantling Of Culture, Arts, Sports & Cultural Transmission Of Africans In Mzantsi. In 1980, objects from the Warren Robbins assortment grew to become part of the museum, together with works by 19th century artists Joshua Johnson, the earliest documented skilled African-American painter; classical landscapes by Edward Mitchell Bannister and Robert Scott Duncanson; and neoclassical sculptures by Edmonia Lewis, the primary professional African American sculptor.

Cherry’s work is actually a twenty first-century model the historical past paintings that extolled the excessive and mighty; in Cherry’s fingers they become vital commentaries on the connection between power and art. He was not trained as an artist and didn’t complete his first oil portray till 1930, when he was forty-three years outdated.

Housepaint on wooden, 26.75 x 29 in. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, museum purchase, American Art Belief Fund, and present of the Souls Grown Deep Basis from the William S. Arnett Collection. The exhibition is divided into three, typically overlapping, sections: Politics of Id in African American Art; Driskell’s Circle of Colleagues; and New Voices.

The Harmon Foundation, however, continued supporting artists till 1967 by mounting exhibitions and offering funding for developing artists akin to Jacob Lawrence eight. In 2007 the Museum of Fashionable Artwork, New York, organized a thirty-year retrospective exhibition of his work.

In 1999, because the DIA was getting ready to open a show of prints by girls in the museum’s assortment, a sexually charged five-panel silhouette by Kara Walker, an African-American artist identified for the rawness of her antebellum imagery, was faraway from the show after complaints from some members of the Buddies of African and African American art who discovered the racial and sexual content too graphic.

Fine Arts

American Animators

Weems is a vital figure among many African-American female artists who helped pave the way for creators depicting problems with discrimination from the 20th century until now. Go to personal and public collections and artists’ studios domestically and nationally. Paint on board, 32 x 43.5 in. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, museum purchase, American Artwork Trust Fund, and gift of the Souls Grown Deep Foundation from the William S. Arnett Assortment.

Consulting Curator of the exhibition and the catalogue’s principal creator Dr. Gwendolyn DuBois Shaw follows Powell’s thematic lead with a whirlwind, intertwined tour of African-American social and art historical past that not only introduces the PMA’s assortment particularly and the African-American experience generally, but also offers a perfect primer on a put up-fashionable approach to history for the non-educational uninitiated.

For a 2013 present at the Brooklyn Museum , Chicago-native-turned-Brooklyn-artist Caitlin Cherry went medieval on everybody’s asses with a mixed media installation that includes paintings tied to catapults, as if they had been about to be hurled over a fort wall.

Utilizing geometric shapes and daring colours on flattened picture planes to precise his emotions, he fleshed out the lives of Tubman, Frederick Douglass, John Brown, and African-Americans migrating north from the agricultural south during and after slavery.

Having already made a splash at venues like the Whitney and Artwork Basel, Chicago artist Nina Chanel Abney’s figurative paintings are large on size, influence and ambition. We’re introduced collectively by our appreciation for the inventive and cultural contributions of African Individuals.

Online Art Gallery

Oil Painting City

We are a web based artist community sharing ways to create and promote artwork. When it comes to night things out as soon as a portray is finished, one of the makes use of of varnishing is simply that – to unify the sheen over the portray, and so one would sometimes simply apply ample varnish to attain that or, if needed, to start with a light spot application of varnish to a sunken in area after which follow with a more general utility.

The transition started with Early Netherlandish portray in Northern Europe, and by the height of the Renaissance oil painting techniques had virtually utterly changed the usage of tempera paints within the majority of Europe. In the meantime, retailer your work in a dust free, but not dark storage area.

If nothing else we would advocate working towards this system on other less worthwhile items or on some trial surfaces as a way to get a feel for it. The varnish, particularly when freshly utilized, is easily resoluble by the following layer and so reactivating areas might be possible and brushing one varnish into the opposite ought to create something of a transition, but controlling the look and smoothness could definitely take some finesse and apply.

Here the artist applies many layers of paint, adjusting the opacity of the layers to create completely different results. When the image is completed and has dried for up to a year, an artist often seals the work with a layer of varnish that is usually produced from dammar gum crystals dissolved in turpentine.

In this free eBook, we share the ideas we imagine are behind each lovely high quality-artwork oil painting and likewise has a special bonus chapter, Oil Painting Ideas from David Leffel, during which the artist discusses the pitfalls of being overly involved with detail and emotional content, find out how to maintain a brush, the important of massing, and how one can begin an oil painting.

Fine Arts

Chinese language Art And Indian Artwork

Introduction feather feather painting is painted beautiful feathers of varied birds as uncooked supplies, composition technique with traditional portray and sculpture, wood carvings, ornamental craft and different means of expression, making an image, which incorporates landscapes, figures, flowers, hen’s birds, animals, bugs, fish, and different photos. Fairly than specializing in the medium of painting, this can be a cultural history of image-making, casting a large internet over a spread of photos from prints, work, decorative arts, and different media to demonstrate how consumption within a society of unprecedented wealth was central to visible manufacturing.

Theories and comments by artists and art critics are selected and organized beneath each sub-category. This quantity gives a translation of painting theories written by the early Qing artist, Shitao (1642-1707), this e book is beneficial for understanding the artist’s view of nature and how it pertains to his painting type.

In winter of 2014, we held the Collision and Confluence: Chinese-American Art Faculty Exhibition and Symposium, with the Center for Chinese Art at William Paterson University; Asian Cultural Middle of New York; and China International Cultural Affiliation as co-organizers, and with the theme of assimilation and mutual inspiration.

President Kathleen Waldron signed and presented the official appointment letter and plaque to Mr. Ip-Wing Kong, naming him the Honorary Director of the Center for the Chinese language Artwork at William Paterson University. They were joined by Ms. Margaret Lam and Mr. David Yen, the Honorary Administrators of the Heart for Chinese language Art.

Synopses of the books along with chapter headings are sometimes provided in the Searchworks document; here, the accompanying summaries try and situate the higher background and educational interventions of the writer, in addition to recommending important sections or chapters.

Art Sites

Fine Artwork Work & Prints For Sale

Artspace Warehouse, Los Angeles, art galleries, wall artwork, artwork vendor, work on the market, LA artwork, office art, artwork gallery, modern artwork, inexpensive artwork, wonderful art, oil paintings, authentic art for sale, summary paintings, large paintings, cleared art, corporate art, LA artwork, gallery. These genres are: Portraits (both individual or group); landscapes; history portray (regardless of the identify, these need not represent a historical occasion, however rather contain a story and underlying message, often of a moral nature); nonetheless life; and genre-painting (scenes from everyday life).

Upon the shut of each auction Artspace shall individually affirm the highest bid to the vendor and notify the customer submitting the highest bid that the bid was profitable and the quantity of the customer’s premium attributable to Artspace to be charged to purchaser’s credit card.

I’m glad to have discovered this article, and may try Amazon or Ebay for my prints at the least, although it goes towards lots of what I actually consider in. I really like doing reveals as a result of I like to speak to people head to head about my work, and make a reference to them.

Artspace is unbiased from the buyers and sellers that participate within the Artspace Auctions and no company, partnership, joint venture, employee-employer or franchiser-franchisee or fiduciary relationship is intended or created by the operation of the Artspace Auctions.

Buyers collaborating in the Artspace Auctions characterize and warrant by placing any bid that they are prepared, willing and able to pay the acquisition price bid, all relevant taxes and the client’s premium all inside 24 hours of the close of the auction if they’re the successful bidder.

Modern Art

Purchase And Promote Original Art On-line

A Curated Collection of Interior Design, Modern Artists,Craft and DIY Tasks, Vintage Finds, and All Things Colourful, Ecclectic, and Visually Inspiring. Artsetters (To the Commerce) – Designers can sell wholesale on this ecommerce platform. Artovert – (UK Site; On-line Gallery) Subscription-based open artwork platform for promoting your work on to collectors. BlowBirthdayCards (Miscellaneous) – This web site sells birthday cards, and is always in search of artists and designers to supply art for them.

GiftWrappedAndGorgeous (UK Site; Market) – Online boutique for presents, jewelry and paintings. Brazilian designer Fabio Araujo digitally composes pictures of abandoned sites to create undesirable islands, small patches of earth ripped up from lengthy neglected corners of civilization.

They’re seeking prolific artists with a novel model who’re also bloggers. Artisouls (Marketplace) – This site supplies a venue for promoting handmade and classic merchandise. Artists earn 10% of every sale, which is typically50 per card. They are open to receiving submissions from artists, which is free to do. Inquire about their phrases.

ArtLicensingInternational – (To the Trade) This group represents greater than four hundred artists who want to license their work. Open up your storefront here for charges ranging from free to $12.00 depending on the number of listings you may have. Aftcra (Marketplace) – Their goal is to advertise shopping for and promoting handmade goods made within the USA.

Artistize (Talent Search) – This website connects artists world wide to artwork seekers” who’re looking for talent. Sellers agree to simply accept the best bid above their set reserve value and to ship the offered goods to the buyer submitting such highest bid.

Paintings For Sale

Gage Academy Of Art Seattle, WA Portray

The Department of Artwork and Art Historical past’s studio program in painting engages students in an intense self-reflective seek for which means, in cultural in addition to social representation, through the event of fingers-on technical expertise, visible reasoning, and an understanding of historic and social ideas, movements and traditions. One other solution to achieve a ravishing background is to make the most of plastic to create an fascinating background when creating your summary portray. By the McKinney Visiting Artist Sequence and Painting Guild , the portray program hosts nationally and internationally recognized artists to fulfill with college students, current their work, and provides workshops and individual critiques.

Σε τέτοιο βαθμό μάλιστα, ώστε τελικά την αισθητική της Αναγεννήσεως να μην ενδιαφέρει τόσο το ίδιο το παριστώμενο αντικείμενο, όσο η δράση των φυσικών νόμων πάνω σ’ αυτό. Ravenous to High-quality Artist’s Guide to Entering into Galleries and Promoting More Artwork.

Μιας διδακτικής του μαθήματος των καλλιτεχνικών που βασίζεται στα διδάγματα της δυτικής τέχνης (και ιδιαίτερα της Αναγεννήσεως) και μιας άλλης διδακτικής που προτείνεται εδώ έμμεσα, γιατί δεν υφίσταται ως υπαρκτή σήμερα. In 1929, J.C. French visited Kangra, and he found four Pahari artists viz.

Οι ψαρόβαρκες, τα πολύχρωμα νεοκλασικά σπίτια, οι μικρές ταβέρνες και τα καφενεία αντανακλούν πάνω στα διάφανα γαλαζοπράσινα νερά και μοιάζουν σαν να είναι βγαλμένα μέσα από κινηματογραφικό σκηνικό. Despite the unknowns, seeing animal-created designs is still exciting for people.

Together with this exhibition are workshops led by Ann Witheridge, director of the ARC Authorised London Advantageous Art Studio. This programme is centred on the studio, it builds and expands on an extended historical past encompassing a variety of approaches, both in terms of concept, context and strategies.